{"id":7117,"date":"2021-08-10T10:01:28","date_gmt":"2021-08-10T10:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/niemphatduonganduong.org\/diendanphap\/?p=7117"},"modified":"2021-08-10T11:29:17","modified_gmt":"2021-08-10T11:29:17","slug":"7117-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/niemphatduonganduong.org\/diendanphap\/7117-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ly thuyet Vo Nga"},"content":{"rendered":"
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443.L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
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Cai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n, ng\u00e3 hay c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu \u1edf trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1edf sau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn. Theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf do Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n \u1ea5y sau khi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c hay trong thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. Theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, linh h\u1ed3n \u1ea5y tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf hay Brahman, Linh h\u1ed3n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t hay Atman, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra.<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Linh h\u1ed3n hay ng\u00e3 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 “Ng\u00e3”.Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n, Ng\u00e3 hay Atman nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tai h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u00edch k\u1ef7, kh\u00e1t khao r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c, ki\u00eau c\u0103ng ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, v\u1ecb ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi r\u1ed1i ren trong \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c qu\u00e1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u do quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea1c n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n s\u00e2u trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n. V\u00ec t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 che ch\u1edf cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o cha m\u1eb9. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed hay Atman, s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. Trong ngu si, y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd b\u00e1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 ngu si, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 Linh H\u1ed3n l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng vi t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3i gh\u00e9m trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mong nghe, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i “\u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng” (Patisotag\u00e0mi), \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ed1n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 sau khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5, ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c s\u00e2u xa, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u … ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c … Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111am m\u00ea ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh v\u00e2y ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng, n\u00f3 cao si\u00eau, s\u00e2u nhi\u1ec7m, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt do d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u00edch kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i cho th\u1ebf gian Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp? R\u1ed3i ng\u00e0i so s\u00e1nh th\u1ebf gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ao sen: trong \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hoa sen c\u00f2n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hoa kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba l\u00f3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Anatta hay V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, hay h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0\u00a0gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u00a0(hay Duy\u00ean sinh, Paticca-samupp\u00e0da). C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi linh h\u1ed3n hay c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 ch\u00fang, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 T\u00f4i, Atman, hay Ng\u00e3, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. \u00d0\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 theo lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, ta n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m s\u01a1 qua v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m 4 h\u00e0ng:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3 (Imasmim sati idam hoti)
\nC\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia sinh (Imassupp\u00e0da idam uppajjati)
\nC\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (Imasmim asati idam na hoti)
\nC\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t (Imassa nirodh\u00e0 idam nirujjhati)<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau) to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sanh t\u1eed c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi g\u1ed3m 12 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1- V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean (sinh ra) h\u00e0nh (nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p)\u00a0(Avijj\u00e0paccay\u00e0 samkh\u00e0v\u00e0)<\/i>.<\/span><\/strong>
\n2- H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c\u00a0(Samkh\u00e0rapaccay\u00e0 vinn\u00e0nam)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n3- Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc (nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u00a0(Vinn\u00e0napaccay\u00e0 n\u00e0mar\u00f9pam).<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n4- Danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp -(5 gi\u00e1c quan \u00fd th\u1ee9c)\u00a0(N\u00e0mar\u00f9papaccay\u00e0 sal\u00e0yatanam).<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n5- L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean x\u00fac (\u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac)\u00a0(Sal\u00e0yatanapaccay\u00e0 phasso)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n6- X\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ecd (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c)\u00a0(Phassapaccay\u00e0 vedan\u00e0)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n7- Th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00e1i (khao kh\u00e1t ham mu\u1ed1n)\u00a0(Vedan\u00e0paccay\u00e0 tanh\u00e0).<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n8- \u00c1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7 (b\u00e1m v\u00edu, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y)\u00a0(Tanhapaccay\u00e0 up\u00e0d\u00e0nam)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n9- Th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ra v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh)\u00a0(Up\u00e0d\u00e0napaccay\u00e0 bhavo)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n10- H\u1eefu duy\u00ean sinh (s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, sinh ra)\u00a0(Bhavapaccay\u00e0 j\u00e0ti)<\/i><\/span><\/strong>
\n11- Sinh duy\u00ean … 12- L\u00e3o (gi\u00e0), t\u1eed (ch\u1ebft), \u01b0u bi kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o (bu\u1ed3n lo \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn)\u00a0(J\u00e0tipaccay\u00e0 jar\u00e0maranam).<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i, ta s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh: V\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t th\u00ec h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t, th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t th\u00ec s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t v.v… cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi sinh, l\u00e3o, t\u1eed, \u01b0u bi kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o … di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t b\u1edfi (paticca samuppanna), v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho (paticca samupp\u00e0da). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i hay bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 “nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean”. Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00ean xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y x\u00edch.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng theo lu\u1eadt Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhau, l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do? \u00dd mu\u1ed1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “T\u1ef1 Do”, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. “\u00dd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do” bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. L\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 – khi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u1eb1m trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3? L\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf, linh h\u1ed3n, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1t. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u1edf ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3, d\u00f9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Atman, T\u00f4i, Linh h\u1ed3n, Ng\u00e3 hay c\u00e1i Ta, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m (t\u00e0 t\u00edn), m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 hay “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n” (Anatta).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta n\u00ean nh\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh (sammuti-sacca) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu (paramattha-sacca). Khi ta d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 “t\u00f4i”, “anh”, “linh h\u1ed3n”, “c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” v.v… kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt thu\u1eadn theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u00e0: trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “t\u00f4i” hay “linh h\u1ed3n”. Nh\u01b0 kinh Mah\u00e0y\u00e0na-Sutral\u00e3nk\u00e0ra (L\u0103ng gi\u00e0) d\u1ea1y: “M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (pudgala) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (prajnapti) (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (hay trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, dravya).”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng khi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Rhys Davids v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 – m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng – xen \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ng\u00e0i. H\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gia s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Atman, linh h\u1ed3n hay ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t – d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 nh\u1ecf nhen c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef “n” th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef “N” hoa.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Atman hay Ng\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ngay r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m trong khi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Pali c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm g\u00ec v\u1ec1 hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ra, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y, hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ra, nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Ng\u00e0i m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng qua gi\u00e1o l\u00fd V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1i T\u00f4i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb d\u00e0y v\u00f2 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n \u1edf trong n\u00f3?”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— “C\u00f3, n\u00e0y T\u1ef3 kheo, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00e2y, “V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 Atman \u1ea5y, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Atman sau khi ch\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong v\u00f4 t\u1eadn th\u1eddi gian”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nghe Nh\u01b0 Lai hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 duy … nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch di\u1ec7t t\u1eaft l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t (\u00e1i), nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1edfi m\u1edf, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. R\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ngh\u0129: “Ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 v\u00f4, ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa”. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, lo l\u1eafng, than kh\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t hoang mang. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00e0y T\u1ef3 kheo, qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb d\u00e0y v\u00f2 khi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu \u1edf trong n\u00f3”. (Trung B\u1ed9 kinh)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng “ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec n\u1eefa” l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu lo s\u1ee3” .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “Ng\u00e3” trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau: Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n), v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ng\u00e3 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng “u\u1ea9n” \u1ea5y. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec hai l\u1ebd:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u1ebd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 do n\u0103m u\u1ea9n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u1ebd th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd minh b\u1ea1ch, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Atman, Linh h\u1ed3n hay Ng\u00e3 trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ta h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong kinh Dhammapada (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa) c\u00f3 ba c\u00e2u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 5, 6, 7, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 20 (hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 s\u1ed1 277, 278, 279). Hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng” (sabbe samkh\u00e0r\u00e0 anicca<\/i>) v\u00e0<\/span><\/strong>
\n“M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (sabbe samkh\u00e0r\u00e0 dukkh\u00e0<\/i>)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“M\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p (dhammas) l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (sabbe dhamm\u00e0 anatt\u00e0<\/i>).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng trong hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef samkh\u00e0r\u00e0 (h\u00e0nh), “nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n”, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 ba thay v\u00ec ch\u1eef samkh\u00e0ra, ch\u1eef dhamm\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. V\u00ec sao c\u00e2u th\u01a1 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef samkh\u00e0r\u00e0, “s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n”, nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb dhamm\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o? Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb samkh\u00e0r\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ecdi “ph\u00e1p” v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd (s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p). N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u th\u01a1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00f3i: “M\u1ecdi samkh\u00e0r\u00e0 (s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n) l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3” th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb dhamm\u00e0 (Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 th\u1ee9 ba.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb dhamma, “Ph\u00e1p”, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n samkh\u00e0ra nhi\u1ec1u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ch\u1eef “Ph\u00e1p”. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u1edf trong hay \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.., m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, theo c\u00e2u: “m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3” th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ngo\u00e0i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n hay ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, Therav\u00e0da, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ng\u00e3 \u1edf trong c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (puggala) hay trong c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng y h\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (dhamma-nair\u00e0tmya v\u00e0 pudgala-nair\u00e0tmya).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong kinh Alagadd\u00f9pama Sutta thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 Majjhim\u00e0-nik\u00e0ya (Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh), \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, h\u00e3y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n n\u1ebfu khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u, bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sinh bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u, bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au?.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–– B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— Ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf, h\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo. Ta c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo h\u00e3y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cao si\u00eau m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sinh ra m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, ph\u00e1t sinh theo n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng trong Kinh \u1ea5y:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, khi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y: “V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 Linh h\u1ed3n, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Linh h\u1ed3n sau khi ch\u1ebft, s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 t\u1eadn th\u1eddi gian”, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 ch\u0103ng?”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Atman, hay Linh h\u1ed3n, hay Ng\u00e3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00edch ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u1ecd d\u1ecbch sai, r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u danh ti\u1ebfng\u00a0Att\u00e0 hi attano n\u00e0tho\u00a0trong Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa (c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 160), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “Ta l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ta”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 nh\u1ecf.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Att\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a Linh h\u1ed3n. Trong ti\u1ebfng Pali, danh t\u1eeb Att\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i-danh t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 quy (reflexive pronoun), tr\u1eeb trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong \u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 trong kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa, n\u01a1i c\u00e2u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb hay \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: “ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i, “ch\u00ednh anh”, “ch\u00ednh n\u00f3”, “ch\u00ednh ta”, “ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta” v.v..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eef n\u00e0tho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ch\u00faa t\u1ec3”, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 “n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a”, “tr\u00fa \u1ea9n”, “gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1”, “che ch\u1edf”… B\u1edfi th\u1ebf Att\u00e0 hi attano th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh” hay “\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a”. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n si\u00eau h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\u00a0b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e2u danh ti\u1ebfng “attad\u00ecp\u00e0 viharatha, attasarana anannasaran\u00e0”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n trong kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh). C\u00e2u n\u00e0y d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t \u00fd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: “H\u00e3y c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o (n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady) cho ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i, l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng xem ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady”. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb ng\u1eef attad\u00ecp\u00e0 v\u00e0 attasaran\u00e0 l\u00e0 “l\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n”, “l\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a”!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean A-nan (Ananda), n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1t ra.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang ngh\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu l\u00e0ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Behuva, ba th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i m\u1ea5t, B\u00e1t-Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n (parinirv\u00e0na). B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 80 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, g\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch can \u0111\u1ea3m, qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, th\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n k\u00e9m. Sau khi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia Ng\u00e0i ng\u1ed3i trong b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ed7 Ng\u00e0i l\u01b0u tr\u00fa. A-Nan, v\u1ecb th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, con \u0111\u00e3 s\u0103n s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, con \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 Ng\u00e0i trong khi Ng\u00e0i l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1edd m\u1ecbt, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean con c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u an \u1ee7i nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y: con ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 khoan h\u00f2a n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y th\u00e2n y\u00eau:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“A-Nan, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng gi\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i g\u00ec n\u01a1i ta n\u1eefa? Ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd) kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t cao th\u1ea5p. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm tay kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y (\u00e0cariya-mutthi). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ee1i A-Nan, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o T\u0103ng gi\u00e0, v\u00e0 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ecd, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn. Nh\u01b0ng Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y. V\u1eady th\u00ec sao Nh\u01b0 Lai ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng gi\u00e0? Nay ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, A-Nan, \u0111\u00e3 80 tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u0169 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eefa ch\u1eefa m\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nh\u1edd s\u1eefa ch\u1eefa. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00e0y A-Nan, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o (n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady) cho ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i, h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o (n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a), l\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y A-Nan th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. A-Nan \u0111ang bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, sau khi \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i qua \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ban cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi an \u1ee7i, khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng can \u0111\u1ea3m, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o “Ph\u00e1p” Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ai kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Atman si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, hay ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed7.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i cho A-Nan l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o hay ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: \u1ea4y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p — 4 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Atman hay Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm Ng\u00e3 trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng c\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb Benares (Ba la n\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ebfn Uruvel\u00e0. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y c\u00f3 30 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang \u0111i c\u1ea5m tr\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00f9ng khu r\u1eebng \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a v\u1ee3 mang theo m\u1ed9t g\u00e1i giang h\u1ed3. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang vui \u0111\u00f9a, th\u00ec c\u00f4 ta tr\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n m\u1ea5t. Trong khi \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00f4 \u1ea5y trong c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111i qua kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 sau khi nghe gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd: “C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u0129 sao, h\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i? N\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i? \u00d0i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, hay \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i?” (\u00d0\u1ea1i s\u1eed)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm xa x\u00f4i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 hay Linh h\u1ed3n. H\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ecd n\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt li\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p cho h\u1ecd nghe. Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Atman.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i “s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 t\u00ean Vacchagotta h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vacchagotta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— Th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i C\u1ed3 \u00d0\u00e0m, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1eb7ng im.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— Th\u1ebf th\u00ec th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n \u00e0?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i im l\u1eb7ng.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vacchagotta \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady b\u1ecf \u0111i.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 (parivr\u00e0jaka) r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi, A-Nan h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec sao Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Vacchagotta. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y A-Nan, khi Vacchagota, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 \u1ea5y h\u1ecfi: “C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng?, n\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “C\u00f3” th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n s\u0129 v\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n (sassata-v\u00e0da).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“V\u00e0 n\u00e0y A-Nan, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 \u1ea5y h\u1ecfi: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n hay sao?, n\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “Kh\u00f4ng” th\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n s\u0129 v\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t (uccheda-v\u00e0da).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u00e0y A-Nan, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 \u1ea5y h\u1ecfi: “C\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng?” m\u00e0 ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “C\u00f3” th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ta r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 hay kh\u00f4ng?”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

— “L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa n\u00e0y A-Nan, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 \u1ea5y h\u1ecfi: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n hay sao?” m\u00e0 ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “Kh\u00f4ng” th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho Vacchagotta \u0111\u00e3 hoang mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng hoang mang th\u00eam n\u1eefa. V\u00ec y s\u1ebd ngh\u0129: tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n (Ng\u00e3) nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1eefa”. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 im l\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0ng ta s\u1ebd c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta x\u00e9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u1eed tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi – \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, tu\u00f4n ra \u0111\u00e1p s\u1ed1 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o, do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u1eb7t ra, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng suy x\u00e9t. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea7y T\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng. Khi n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp,<\/span><\/strong>
\n– C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c n\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch,<\/span><\/strong>
\n– C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecfi v\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i,<\/span><\/strong>
\n– v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00ean d\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. (T\u0103ng Chi)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch d\u1eb9p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sang b\u00ean. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vacchagotta \u1ea5y, khi anh ta \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng v.v.. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV; Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh). C\u0169ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho M\u00e0lunkyaputta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: “c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n” v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i r\u1eb1ng “t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”. V\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n”, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m cho anh ch\u00e0ng kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf. Vacchagotta \u0111\u00e3 hoang mang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng hoang mang th\u00eam, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh anh ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Trung B\u1ed9, I). Anh ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 c\u0103n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. V\u00ec v\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, d\u1eb9p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch im l\u1eb7ng; ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Vacchagotta t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. \u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0\u1ea5ng \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm hoang mang n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn anh ch\u00e0ng Vacchaghtta ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t s\u0129, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh Pali, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng anh ta r\u1ea5t b\u0103n kho\u0103n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kia. S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vacchogatta h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hay th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem Ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m” hay “th\u1ee9c”. Nh\u01b0ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean xem th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “Ng\u00e3” c\u00f2n h\u01a1n t\u00e2m, \u00fd hay th\u1ee9c (citta, mano, vinn\u00e0na) v\u00ec t\u00e2m, \u00fd hay th\u1ee9c th\u00ec bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n mau ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c (k\u00e0va). (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, II)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 “c\u00f3 t\u00f4i” \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho l\u1eafm. Trong kinh Samyutta-nik\u00e0ya (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa th\u1ea7y T\u1ef3 kheo t\u00ean Khemaka v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kheo. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y h\u1ecfi Khemaka c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “ng\u00e3” n\u00e0o hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 “ng\u00e3” kh\u00f4ng. Khemaka tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “kh\u00f4ng”. \u00d0o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3 kheo b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb La H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0ng Khemaka th\u00fa th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3, “t\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t A La H\u00e1n (Arahant) \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u01a1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng “T\u00f4i c\u00f3”, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 “\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u00f4i”. R\u1ed3i Khemaka gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “T\u00f4i” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “T\u00f4i c\u00f3” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 “\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng hoa: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh hoa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hoa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i hoa, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a hoa.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Khemaka c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “T\u00f4i c\u00f3” \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o m\u1edbi gi\u1eb7t s\u1ebd bay m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau khi ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u00f3.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u00edch l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kinh ch\u00e9p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Khemaka, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u b\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “T\u00f4i c\u00f3”.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng “t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3” (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t) c\u0169ng sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng “t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ng\u00e3” (thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n), b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m “T\u00f4i c\u00f3”. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hay “ki\u1ebfn” n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “T\u00f4i” hay “linh h\u1ed3n”, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m) v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n \u1edf trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra: N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ng\u00e3 hay Atman, v\u1eady th\u00ec ai th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng)? Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00ednh\u00a0\u1edf trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt”.(Trung B\u1ed9, III; T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, III)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Anatta (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n, hay V\u00f4 ng\u00e3) kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0 t\u00edn, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Asanga) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang: “C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3” (nair\u00e0tmy\u00e0stit\u00e0).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng W. Rahula
\nTr\u00edch “Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 (What the Bu\u0111ha taught)”, Ni s\u01b0 Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Thich Minh Tue<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

443.L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3   Cai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n, ng\u00e3 hay c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu \u1edf trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1edf sau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn. Theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n … \u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp Ly thuyet Vo Nga<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nLy thuyet Vo Nga - Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng An D\u01b0\u1ee1ng - Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"googlebot\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"bingbot\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/niemphatduonganduong.org\/diendanphap\/7117-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ly thuyet Vo Nga - Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng An D\u01b0\u1ee1ng - Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"443.L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3   Cai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n, ng\u00e3 hay c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu \u1edf trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1edf sau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn. 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